We call the speak method of the Dog object using dog.speak(), and it prints “Woof!” because the speak method of the Dog class overrides the speak method of the Animal class. We create a Dog object with a name attribute “Rover” and a Cat object with a name attribute “Whiskers”. These subclasses override the speak method of the Animal class. We then define two subclasses named Dog and Cat which inherit from the Animal class. The speak method is defined in the Animal class but does not have a body. In the code, we define a class named Animal which has a constructor method that initializes the class object with a name attribute and a method named speak. The base class from which a new class is derived is also known as a parent class, and the new class is known as the child class or subclass. It helps in creating clean and organized code by keeping related functionality in one place and promoting the concept of modularity. Inheritance promotes code reuse and allows you to create a hierarchy of classes that share common attributes and methods. _private_var ) # AttributeError: 'M圜lass' object has no attribute '_private_var' Inheritance _protected_var ) # output: 10 # Try to access the private variable using the object name and print its value # The private variable cannot be accessed outside the class, even by its subclasses # This will raise an AttributeError because the variable is not accessible outside the class print (obj. Obj = M圜lass ( ) # Access the protected variable using the object name and print its value # The protected variable can be accessed outside the class but # it is intended to be used within the class or its subclasses print (obj. _private_var = 20 # Create an object of M圜lass class _protected_var = 10 # Define a private variable with an initial value of 20 # The variable name starts with two underscores, which indicates private access # Define a class named M圜lass class M圜lass : # Constructor method that initializes the class object def _init_ (self ) : # Define a protected variable with an initial value of 10 # The variable name starts with a single underscore, which indicates protected access In Python, we can achieve encapsulation by using access modifiers and using underscore prefixes to indicate the access level.

In summary, encapsulation is an important concept in object-oriented programming that helps to protect the implementation details of an object. If we try to access the _private_var attribute, we will get an AttributeError as shown in the code. However, we cannot access the _private_var attribute using the object name, as it is hidden from the outside world. When we create an object of the M圜lass class, we can access the _protected_var attribute using the object name with a single underscore prefix. This means that the attribute can only be accessed within the class and not outside the class, not even in its subclasses. The _private_var is marked as private by using two underscore prefixes.

This means that the attribute can be accessed within the class and its subclasses but not outside the class. The _protected_var is marked as protected by using a single underscore prefix. In the given code example, the class M圜lass has two attributes, _protected_var and _private_var. Instead, it uses a convention of using underscore prefixes to indicate the access level. However, Python does not have an explicit way of defining access modifiers like some other programming languages such as Java and C++. The three access modifiers available in Python are public, private, and protected. Access modifiers are keywords that define the accessibility of attributes and methods in a class. In Python, encapsulation can be achieved by using access modifiers.

It is a way to achieve data abstraction, which means that the implementation details of an object are hidden from the outside world, and only the essential information is exposed.

EncapsulationĮncapsulation is one of the fundamental concepts of object-oriented programming, which helps to protect the data and methods of an object from unauthorized access and modification. The data is in the form of fields (often known as attributes or properties), and the code is in the form of procedures (often known as methods). Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of 'objects', which can contain data and code.

Oops concepts in python with examples